![]() Mau Mau the cat When Amelia is in the kitchen, Mau Mau will sit in the doorway and stare her down, being a top-notch feline supervisor. Watch Mau Mau the cat in this cute video: "She's a tiny cat with a huge personality, and she's very stubborn and will happily ignore me," Amelia shared with Love Meow. Mau Mau may not have the best coordination as she sometimes bumps into things, but the little gal is packed with sass and goes about her day without a care in the world. One of her daily quests is to snatch that pesky bushy brush of hers (or anything that resembles it) and tame it with all her might. She is inquisitive about her surroundings and tries to catch anything that moves, including her own fluffy tail. Mau Mau, the cat with few teeth, often has her tongue out, as if she is constantly blowing raspberries. ![]() That day, she took it upon herself and won over her new mom at first meow.Īfter a bit of adjustment to her new abode, she came out from her hideout under Amelia's bed, scoped out every nook and cranny of the house and claimed all the chairs and beds she could scour. With nearly a year of socialization, the former-feral cat was ready for a place of her own. She looked even tinier as she sat in her room and meowed at me before I went in," Amelia told Love Meow. "I went and met her the next week and completely fell in love with her. Amelia, who'd had cats her whole life and worked in a vet's office, swooned at the sight of the "cartoon" cat and inquired for a meet-and-greet. When it was time for adoption, the rescue hoped to find the perfect home for Mau Mau and her quirks. "Every time I see a photo of Mau Mau, I wonder if she's half cat and half cartoon,” Feline Care Cat shared on Facebook. As her confidence rose, her personality grew larger. Over the following year, the cat, named Mau Mau, imbibed the cushy home lifestyle with the company of her people. The rescue decided to take her in as she'd be better suited to indoor life. She couldn't close her eyes and used her third eyelid to blink, among other things. She didn't have many teeth remaining and let her tongue hang out. Animal rescuers from Feline Care Cat came across the exquisite kitty and noticed a few quirks from her. We will also be glad to have any feedback or opinion on our social networks.A cat with cartoon-esque eyes decided to embrace indoor life one day and turned into quite the personality.Ī black and white cat was found living in a feral cat colony near a factory in Norfolk, England. We will definitely answer you and help you sort out this error. If you get a strange or incorrect result, you can write to us about it in the comments. We hope you didn’t encounter any problems while working with our guide. So, we have completed this cartoon eyes drawing lesson. To do this, you can use different references from the Internet or images of your favorite cartoon characters. You can also try to repeat the whole process of drawing cartoon eyes, but give them a different shape. You can leave your cartoon eyes drawing like this, or color it. After that, you can erase all the guide construction lines drawn earlier, to make your cartoon eyes drawing look more finished. In this step, you can double-check the correctness of all shapes and outlines. Use dense, sweeping, single-layer hatching for this. ![]() However, now we are drawing cartoon eyes, so for now we’ll just shade the pupils. The lashes appear as three curved, flowing lines that taper towards the top.Īs a rule, in the penultimate step, we pay attention to drawing shadows. If you haven’t made any mistakes, you can draw the eyelashes. This greatly affects the direction of the gaze.Ĭheck the shapes and outlines that were drawn earlier. The eyes can have different shapes of the outer contours, but the location of the pupils must be the same. As you can see, the ovals have different sizes and different distances from the vertical line, drawn at the very beginning.Īnd now there will be a very important and responsible step. Note the position of these ovals in relation to the vertical line. These are two asymmetrical ovals that widen significantly upward. Now let’s draw the outlines of the eyes themselves. Draw these cheeks using the horizontal line from the previous step. In our case, the lower borders are small, rounded cheeks. Before you start drawing the outlines of the eyes, it will be great to outline the lower boundaries of these outlines.
0 Comments
When in doubt, start with the most recent file - it’s likely that your game is automatically updated to the latest software. Step 2: Download the file associated with your current version of Minecraft. Step 1: Navigate to Curse Forge and browse through the mod listings until you find one that you like. We highly recommend using Curse Forge, as it is a reputable source that is safe, secure, and - most likely - compatible with all your software. There are numerous websites that offer mods, but not all of them are compatible with Forge - or possibly even your specific version of Minecraft. Once Forge is properly set up, adding mods is a straightforward process. Remember, you’ll want to select Install Client, not Install Server, and make sure you’re downloading the recommended version of Forge. If you don’t see the Forge option under Installations, try running the Forge installation again. If you’re able to log in with the Forge installation, that means you’re ready to join the wild world of modded Minecraft. Step 5: Then, log in with your regular credentials Step 4: To play Minecraft with your mods, you’ll want to hover over the Forge option and click Play. Step 3: Along with Latest Release, there should also be an option called Forge. Step 2: Navigate to the Installations tab. Run Minecraft a second timeįirst, check Minecraft to make sure Forge is running. That’s it for installing Forge! However, you’ll want to check to make sure it installed properly - and you still need to add all your mods to it. Step 5: Once done, proceed through the prompts, and the Forge Installer should close. Then, select Install Client and press OK. Step 4: Take note of the file path listed on the installer - you’ll need this later. This will open up the Mod System Installer, which will walk you through the process of setting up Forge on your system. Step 3: Now that Java is installed on your computer, you should be able to click on the file and run it. Step 2: Once the download is finished, you should have a new file on your computer with a filename similar to forge-1.15.2-31.1.0-installer.jar. If you are running any sort of firewall, you may have to bypass its security setting. Step 1: From the Recommended Download section, select the Installer option. Navigate to its official website, and you’ll be greeted with several options for installation. You’ve installed Java, you’ve run Minecraft, and now it’s time to start with the setup of Forge. ![]() ![]() If you don’t run Minecraft prior to downloading Forge, you’ll encounter various errors when attempting to install mods later on. Running Minecraft will ensure that all the necessary folder locations have been created on your computer before attempting to install Forge. We recommend logging in to your account and actually jumping into a procedurally generated world to verify that the game does, in fact, run properly before messing with Forge. Once Java is installed, go ahead and run Minecraft. There’s nothing else you’ll need to do with Java at this point - we’ll circle back to it later. Then, just follow the straightforward directions to complete the download, and close out of your browser. From there, you’ll be prompted to accept a few agreements, and the installation will begin. If it’s not, head on over to the official Java website and click on the Java Download button. The first thing you’ll want to do is ensure that Java is installed on your computer. In a few short steps, you can have mods running in your own game - here's how it works. In short, Forge lets you quickly install mods to a specific Minecraft profile without having to be a tech-savvy wizard. The process of installing mods is much easier than it has been in the past, all thanks to a piece of software called Forge. Sotheby’s International Realty® and the Sotheby’s International Realty Logo are service marks licensed to Sotheby’s International Realty Affiliates LLC and used with permission. © 2022 Daniel Gale Sotheby's International Realty. In the meantime, if the format of any material on our web pages interferes with your ability to access the information, please contact us to request assistance or if you have questions or comments about our website’s accessibility. Further accessibility efforts are under way and we continue to update our website to improve accessibility. We are continually improving our website to comply with the accessibility guidelines in WCAG 2.0 AA. Daniel Gale Sotheby's International Realty is committed to diversity, inclusion, and meeting the needs of all of our customers, including those with disabilities. Go to for online maps and other important Wilderness information.Daniel Gale Sotheby's International Realty strives to make our website accessible. Zig Zag Springs Trailhead- Provides access to Lick Creek Trail #3070 (north access) which accesses Grouse Mountain Trail #3081.Īndies Prairie, Bingham Springs, Blalock Mountain,Tollgate.North Fork Umatilla Trailhead- Provides access to North Fork Umatilla River Trail #3083.Lake Creek Trailhead, Umatilla- Provides access to Lake Creek Trail #3079.Coyote Ridge Trailhead- Provides access to North Fork Umatilla River Trail #3083.Corporation Trailhead- Provides access to Corp/Buck Tie Trail #3076 which connects with North Fork Umatilla Wilderness via Lick Creek Trail #3070.Buck Creek Trailhead– Provides access to Buck Creek Trail #3073, Buck Mountain-Buck Rim Trail #3075, Nine Mile Ridge Trail #3072.Trailheads/Trails that access North Fork Umatilla Wilderness Mid- September thru December (hunting season) Key access points: Trailhead and trail information.Since the elevation is relatively low, the trail system opens up early in the season, providing opportunities for spring hiking and horseback-riding trips. If you enjoy hunting and spotting wildlife, the North Fork Umatilla Wilderness supports a good wildlife population. The wild, unpredictable weather of the Blue Mountains also adds to the challenge anytime of the year. The elevation in the area ranges from 2,000 to 6,000 feet, assuring a good workout for hikers and equestrians using the 27-mile trail system. The wilderness is characterized by terrain that varies from gentle, sloping hills to extremely steep, timbered canyons. There are also several streams within the wilderness that contain native trout, and a few streams support spawning steelhead. The North Fork Umatilla River supports sizeable runs of anadromous fish, which makes this area a popular spot for anglers. One of the major driving forces behind this wilderness designation was the production of high-quality water from the North Fork Umatilla River. Hunting, hiking, and equestrian use are important activities occurring in the wilderness.Īdded to the Wilderness Preservation System on June 26, 1984, the North Fork Umatilla Wilderness is relatively new. Visitors find the area peaceful, yet challenging and enjoyable from early spring through late fall. But this little wilderness feels much bigger for those who take the time to trek into the heart of the area and fully experience its variety of terrain and vegetation. It encompasses only 20,299 acres in Umatilla and Union counties. The North Fork Umatilla Wilderness, located 30 miles east of Pendleton, is the smallest wilderness in northeast Oregon. ![]() Garmin is a leader in consumer and general aviation navigation and its products serve the automotive/mobile, outdoor/fitness, marine, and aviation markets. (Nasdaq:GRMN) group of companies which designs, manufactures, markets, and sells navigation, communication and information devices and applications - most of which are enabled by GPS technology. By building a mash-up of complex technologies and algorithms, TrailRunner delivers a simple to use application that covers most features outdoor enthusiasts need to plan and journalize their activities. Started in 2005, Berbie Software pioneered the development of a Mac OS X application focused on outdoor and long distance sports. Garmin ForeRunner devices can be acquired in many retail and online stores. TrailRunner 1.9 is free but thankfully accepts donations. An integrated exercise plan can help users to improve their base endurance in small and adaptive steps. Using TrailRunner, Athletes can log their workouts, track their totals, set goals, publish a weblog and share routes with friends or participate in online mapping communities at or "įocused on users doing any kind of outdoor activities like running, biking, hiking or inline skating, TrailRunner offers automatic route calculation for a given distance and attractiveness, a workout diary, workout histograms and analysis tools for measured data like geographic course, speed, distance, heart-rate, personal aerobic zone and more. There's no need to take off the watch or bother with cables as the computer automatically syncs with the Forerunner as soon as the user enters the room. Using Garmin ANT+Sport technology, the Forerunner sends workout data to the user's Mac via automatic wireless data transfer. "Mac OS X users owning a Garmin ForeRunner 50 or ForeRunner 405 can now easily sync the fitness device with their Mac and TrailRunner. "The long wait is over" said Berbie, developer behind TrailRunner. Among other improvements, this release integrates with the newly released Garmin ForeRunner ANT+ Agent for Mac OS X. Focused on users doing any kind of outdoor activities like running, biking, hiking or inline skating, TrailRunner offers automatic route calculation for a given distance and more.įrankfurt, Germany - Berbie Software announces an update for TrailRunner, the outdoor oriented route-planning and journaling software for Mac OS X. Among other improvements, version 1.9 integrates with the newly released Garmin ForeRunner ANT+ Agent for Mac OS X. TrailRunner 1.9 - Syncing with Garmin ForeRunner ANT+ fitness devices - Published on 03/04/09īerbie Software today announces an update for TrailRunner, the outdoor oriented route-planning and journaling software for Mac OS X. ![]() You can however use gel polish on top of acrylic nails (if you want both length and color) to help achieve fun decorations. They are made hard by curing under a UV or LED lamp. ![]() Gels, on the other hand, come in nail polish shades and finishes. Sometimes acrylic nails come in colors, but they're usually clear or natural-toned. Mar Y Sol, the self-proclaimed "nail nerd" behind manicures worn by Bella Hadid, Lil Nas X, and Dixie D'Amelio, recommends getting acrylics filled every two to three weeks to preserve the overall health of your natural nails. Think: the crazy-long coffin nails Kylie Jenner is obsessed with.īecause acrylic nails are an extension, they tend to look more artificial, despite lasting between three to four weeks. "They're essentially used to lengthen the nail or provide a stronger top layer over the natural nail," says Miss Pop. Gel and acrylic are completely different - acrylic nails are made with a powder dipped in solvent. What's the difference between gel and acrylic? But if it's just for one night or you're on a budget, you might want to opt for press-on nails or a regular manicure. They only cost around $10 to $15 more than a regular manicure. If you get traditional manis on the reg or have a big spring break trip coming up that you want chip-free color for, gel is def worth the splurge. But if you want crazy celeb-level nail art, it could end up costing up to $100 or more - and that's not including the 20% tip. ![]() Basic one-color gel manis start around $35 to $40, according to Duguay-Gordon. The cost of a gel mani depends on where you live, and what kind of look you want. If you have a bunch of events coming up back to back like prom, internship interviews, and family vacays, gels can be the perfect solution. But if you're careful, they can last up to four weeks. "Gel manicures could last up to two weeks with proper nail prep and at-home care, such as cuticle oil and hand lotion," says Duguay-Gordon. The biggest pro of gel manis is how long they last. ![]() The Nomad Guy lecturing at Portland Bead Society, 2009. The Nomad guy presenting a lecture to docents and staff The Nomad guy and Anna Strankman, curator at the Portland Art Museumįormer MET curator Shirley Day, with the Nomad Guy at his Portland Art Museum exhibitionįormer MET curator Shirley Day, Portland Art Museum 2010 The Nomad guy and his eldest child, Mayan in front of the new Mayan installation Will be on display through the entire year of 2009. The Precolombian gallery at the Portland Art Museum. ![]() Rare footage of Fakir and Blake visiting The Nomad Exhibition': My Prodigal Daughter and Mayan Exhibition Being an International educator is a huge honor for a piercer and teaching about the history of adorning children is also culturally significant with HALF of Nomad's clients being kids. Piercing a baby's ears with an 'ear gun' at the mall is both traumatic and unsterile. He was also presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award for major contributions to the art of BODY Piercing. At Nomad we cater to parents responsible enough to seek out a trained piercer with an understanding of 'rites of passage' as well as sterile technique and procedure. Watch for video coming soon! This is a MUST SEE for piercers who actually care about the cultural origins of the industry they work in.įakir and Cleo at Nomad Jewelry Exhibition, 2011 Piercing the ears of a baby girl is one of the oldest and most sacred of human rituals. This exhibition has had over A HALF MILLION VISITORS in the last 3 years! It was a huge honor conducting a Tour for Fakir and his wife at this special exhibit. Blake and Fakir are the only two guys of their genre to take it to the "next level" and educate non-industry people. Fakir and Blake are the only two piercers and industry pioneers to contribute CULTURALLY (through their books, media and lectures) to their industry, and this exhibit is the ONE OF it's kind in the history of the industry. Portland Art Museum featuring the Nomad Collectionįakir Musafar,grandfather of the Modern Primitive Movement and his prodigal son, Blake of Nomad visit the Nomad Jewelry Exhibition at the Portland Art Museum, 2011. Likely future purchases include a Pro One, Analogue Solutions Leipzig, and other pre-MIDI polysynts Hardware with MIDI playback needs: Roland Juno106/Roland JP8000/Korg WaveStation/Roland D50 Hardware with MIDI sync needs: DSI Tempest/Roland TR8/Moog Sub37/Korg SQ1/Roland System1/Roland System8/DSI Mopho I also have an old Mk 1 MOTU 882 firewire interface and a Edirol FA101 fireware interface neither of which are used at the moment. LogicPro X, 2 x Emagic AMT8 USB MIDI interfaces, Zoom Tac2 channel thunderbolt audio interface. It also impacts when 'printing' external audio devices to tracks in LogicPro because I've discovered that even if I realign recorded audio to bring it back in time that the sync will still drift through the duration of the track. I want to fix the issue with my Logic Pro X based setup where I have terrible MIDI (DIN and USB) sync issues when trying to play LogicPro live with my hardware. ![]() I'm sanity checking before purchasing so will welcome any advice: Thanks to everyone for sharing information on this thread. Ideally I'm looking at around 10 items I'd like to receive and be able to reset sync on the fly and some of these are multitimbral so need more channels. I suppose not everything would need the clocking and i could prioritize. I was leaning towards the Roland SBX-1 but the MIDI out limitation seems like a pretty big issue. LTThanks for the info! This is all the gear i've been considering, my question is how do you send all the clocking info with the through box to separate pieces of hardware but then also have the receiving on all separate midi chains/channels. Which means expert sleepers, innerclock and sbx soon up for sale! Rock solid so far with easy adjustments if anything slips and re-start on the 4 channels. YMMV of course.ĮRM out to kenton thru box which then clocks a bunch of drum machines and arpsĮRM to spare channel if I want to sync something that needs adjustments from the ERM slip feature I tried Expert Sleepers (flexible but a but a faff to set up although the owner, Os, was amazing with advice), Innerclock Sync Gen (solid but not that flexible), Roland Sbx-1 (solid and sorta flexible) but am now loving my ERM multiclock. ![]() you may have jittery E-RM USB-MIDI notes dancing around a rock solid clock. And with the E-RM, although you can adjust the clock timing +/- 300 ms? which allows you to choose the monitoring method, and if you go for the USB version with has MIDI output functionality, then the MIDI notes may not be sample accurate i.e. This comes at the expense of the Silent Way learning curve.įor instance, the Innerclock Sync Gen can only align it's MIDI clock to one point in time, so you can only use it exclusively for software monitoring, OR hardware/direct monitoring, but not both types of monitoring simultaneousy. ![]() This means you can software monitor or hardware monitor, or a mix of both types of monitoring at the same time. It allows for clock offsets that are independent of MIDI note timing, and you can place both clock & notes pretty much at any point in time, to the sample. I either keep the buffer low enough and monitor in pro tools (which still isn't very fun), or I have the ability to monitor all inputs through the interfaces software insteadIf you vary/switch how you monitor the synths, as I also do, and you want to fix dodgy MIDI-note timing & alignment, then Expert Sleepers is the only way I can think to guarantee this. ![]() Most of the process is automated except placing the bid amount for hash power. The platform is best for beginners to master crypto mining and experienced miners who want to get the most out of the mining process. NiceHash is now operating for several years and has a stable working platform. The automatic update feature makes it less hassle for users to keep software protected from malware and hacking attempts. The platform supports auto mining of the most profitable coin, which is a handy feature for beginners. The BetterHash platform has a smooth user-interface, and its powerful tools are suitable for both beginners and experienced miners. Here, NiceHash is truly leading over BetterHash in hash power, the key to successful crypto mining operations. Whereas with NiceHash, you can buy a massive amount of hash power for shorter or longer than one day and mine on your favorite pool. It allows you to start mining through its platform with whatever little hash power your system is generating and start profiting from it. Allows two order types: fixed for stable mining and standard for competitive mining.īetterHash allows cryptocurrency mining from your existing computer system, whether CPU, GPU, or ASIC. ![]() Independence from the time factor, meaning you don’t need to worry if the coin would still be popular in a year.Detailed statistical report on order status.This ensures you get the lowest price if there is an opportunity in the marketplace. Flexible prices on order mean you can change the price, amount, and limit without canceling the order.Can buy a massive amount of hash power and spend it in a short amount of time.In this comparison of BetterHash and NiceHash, we will be focusing on a few key factors to select the best one. And, both seller and buyer receive cryptocurrency as a reward. Here, the seller quotes the price of hash power and, if agreed by the buyer, is redirected to the pool, the buyer has chosen for mining. It’s a marketplace that connects all sellers and buyers of hash power. NiceHash is a Slovenian cryptocurrency hash power broker. Automatic mining of the most profitable currency.Supports mining of a wide range of coins, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, ZCash, Monero, Dash, Ethereum Classic, and Bitcoin Gold.The quick and easy setup process for beginners and additional options help seasoned professional to get a more personalized experience.More features of BetterHash mining software: Its simple interface makes it an excellent option for beginners who want to mine cryptocurrency and advanced settings, making it ideal mining software for professional crypto miners. The software is specially designed for Windows 64 bit OS and mining Bitcoin-like cryptocurrencies. Nicehash What is BetterHash?īetterHash is one of the top mining software that allows anyone to mine cryptocurrencies with their existing computer system and start profiting immediately. We will have a detailed comparison to find out which one is a better mining platform for you. However, when it comes to choosing one, it becomes a tough task for anyone. And, the other used the concept of sharing economy to help everyone with crypto mining. The one shook up the industry with its launch in 2018, which allowed everyone to start mining cryptocurrency with their existing computer system. This blog will focus on the two most talked about crypto mining platforms, BetterHash and NiceHash. There are many mining platforms and software in the crypto mining sphere that one can use to mine cryptocurrencies. ![]() The annual All Black Gala has been an affirmative and joyous in-person affair in the past. She’ll bring revealing and uplifting lyricism to this afternoon concert: “Sell your soul to be the flyest?/ What’s the use?/ I don’t undress like burlesque/ I just spit that naked truth.” MADlines (aka Maddy Cliff) is a musician, poet, writer, feminist, activist, rapper and teacher currently based in Oakland. The Otter Student Union isn’t letting the pandemic stop folks from gathering around music. This year’s honorees include Ben Jealous (former president and CEO of the national NAACP), Fred Jealous, Ann Jealous, Darchelle Burnett, Rhonda Mercadal Evans, and Dr. Ferretti, a first-generation American Latina/Mestiza artist and Digital Initiatives Librarian at the Maryland Institute College of Art.ĬSUMB / NAACP Black History Month ProgramĪn annual tradition (this year virtual) in which the campus hosts the NAACP Monterey County Chapter for their Black History Month meeting and program. The newly formed Center for Black Student Success presents Eesuu Orundide, an artist who works in painting, sculpture, apparel and other materials to “draw attention to the social imbalances inherent to the contemporary world socio-economic construct.”įor more than 10 years, the CSUs have partnered with faith-based leaders in February to deliver to young people the message of a college education in an effort to boost African American enrollment.įighting White Supremacy through Building BIPOC CoalitionsĪ workshop co-facilitated by Sofia Leung, a first-generation Chinese American librarian, facilitator, educator and the principal of Do Better, Be Better LLC and Jennifer A. 7 to May 2-for a free virtual tour of local historically Black churches. Join CSUMB community members-every Sunday from Feb. Spring 2021 Historically Black Virtual Church TourĬhurch has been at or near the center of many Black communities for solace and organizing, fellowship and support, music and food, tradition and culture. The Center for Black Student Success invites you to his sustainable soul food cooking workshop. That’s where he creates programming around food, farming, health, activism, art, culture and the African diaspora. James Beard Award-winner Bryant Terry has been the chef-in-residence at San Francisco’s Museum of the African Diaspora since 2015. 3 she will give the keynote and Q&A about educational justice inspired by abolitionists. She’s a professor at the University of Georgia and author of the book We Want to Do More Than Just Survive: Abolitionist Teaching and the Pursuit of Educational Freedom. Bettina Love was a Nasir Jones Hiphop Fellow at Harvard, and was part of President Obama’s White House Research Conference on Girls. The free community event is moderated by associate professor and chair of CSUMB’s Health, Human Services and Policy, Dr. Understanding the struggle reveals everything.”ĬSUMB joins in this endeavor by hosting Black History Month events, most open to everyone, many of them listed here.ĬOVID-19 & Monterey County’s Black CommunityĪ panel-from Salinas Valley Memorial Hospital, Community Hospital of the Monterey Peninsula, Monterey County Health Department and Monterey City Council-talks about the intersection of the disease in Monterey County’s Black community. If you understand the struggle then you understand the energy that has been unleashed in the wake of the George Floyd murder. “If you understand the struggle then you understand why there is natural suspicion in the Black community over vaccinations. “If you understand the struggle then you would know why Black lives matter,” he said. He calls the 400-year history of Black people in America a struggle of courage, sacrifice and resilience. Black History Month is an important vehicle to understand it.” Americans need to understand all of the histories that make up our American story. “The uproar over the 1619 Project is from this ethnocentric mindset that only a particular version of history matters,” he said. ![]() History is not only alive and present, it is contentious and progressing.īrian Corpening, CSUMB’s associate vice president for Inclusive Excellence and chief diversity officer, finds more evidence to support that observation. The campaign to put Harriet Tubman on the $20 bill moves forward as Kamala Harris becomes the first Black woman to be vice president of the United States. An insurrectionist bears the Confederate flag through the halls of the Capitol building, though statues and monuments of people who upheld slavery are being removed from public spaces. A woman whose father was part of the secret Tuskegee Syphilis Study encourages Black Americans to get the COVID-19 vaccine. There are several intertwined signaling pathways in the guard cell that regulate ion channel activity and modulate stomatal movements in response to environmental stimuli. Upon environmental stimuli such as drought, ABA production in the guard cell increases and elevates cytosolic calcium concentrations, initiating a cascade of signaling events, thereby leading to ion effluxes outside the guard cell, reducing the turgor pressure and stomata closure which occurs to maintain water balance in plants. Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates the cellular activities that coordinate anion effluxes, inhibits K + in channels, and activates K + out channels in a signaling pathway mediated by ABA receptors, phosphatases/kinases, and ion channels. It has been proposed that the activation of the S-type anion channel SLAC1 in the guard cells is a key event leading to the closing of stomata pores. On the other hand, stomatal closure requires a coordinated efflux of anions and potassium ions from the guard cell via anion channels such as S-type slow activated anion channels (S-type), R-type rapidly activated anion channels (R-type), and K + out outward-rectifying potassium (K + out) channels. In Arabidopsis thaliana, KAT1 and KAT2 channel activity represents a major contributor to a potassium influx in the guard cell. Light-induced stomatal opening is governed by K + in (inward-rectifying potassium) channels present in the PM of the guard cells, such as KAT1, KAT2, AKT1, and AKT2. Stomata movements are achieved via ion fluxes to control guard cell turgor pressure in response to environmental stimuli with a highly sophisticated signaling network that controls cation and anion channels located in the PM (plasma membrane) and tonoplast of the guard cell and is responsible for tuning the stomatal movement. Stomata opening is induced by light, allowing a CO 2 influx during photosynthesis in the leaves, whereas stomata pore closure occurs when plants are exposed to water-deprived conditions to keep the water balance in plants maintained. It is comprised of two kidney-shaped cells forming a stomatal pore in the plant leaf epidermis and is responsible for gaseous exchange between the plants and the surrounding environment. The guard cell plays an essential role in plants when adapting to such environmental stimuli, which are on the rise due to global warming. Plants must adapt to different environmental challenges such as drought, elevated CO 2 and O 3, and pathogen attacks to survive. In this review, the guard cell ion channels are discussed, highlighting the structure and functions of key ion channels the SLAC1 anion channel and KAT1 potassium channel, and their regulatory components, emphasizing their significance in guard cell response to various stimuli. It is well-established that the turgor pressure of guard cells is regulated by ions transportation across the membrane, such as anions and potassium ions. This phenomenon involves a complex network of ion channels and their regulation. When the plants are exposed to extreme weather conditions such as high CO 2 levels, O 3, low air humidity, and drought, the turgor pressure of the guard cells exhibits an appropriate response against these stresses, which leads to stomatal closure. These pores must be tightly controlled, as inadequate CO 2 intake and excessive water loss are devastating for plants. A stomatal pore is formed by a pair of specialized guard cells and serves as a major gateway for water transpiration and atmospheric CO 2 influx for photosynthesis in plants. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |